Adaptive systems were supposed to simplify decision-making. Instead of hard-coded rules, engineers built models that could learn from data, respond to change, and improve over time. That promise still ...

Operant conditioning is B.F. Skinner’s name for instrumental learning: learning by consequences. Not a new idea, of course. Humanity has always known how to teach children and animals by means of ...

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that if a set of behaviors—including social behaviors—meet certain criteria, it is reasonable to hypothesize that they evolved because they were, and may still be, ...