It is well established in psychology that humans conceptualize emotions by features known as valence (the degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness) and arousal (the intensity of bodily reactions, such ...

The ability to recognize human emotions is a fundamental aspect of survival. It allows us to engage with others socially, detect threats and dangers, strengthen social bonds, and enable cooperation ...

The simplified approach makes it easier to see how neural networks produce the outputs they do. A tweak to the way artificial neurons work in neural networks could make AIs easier to decipher.