Character degree graphs constitute a powerful tool in the study of finite groups, encapsulating the interplay between group representation theory and graph theory. These graphs are constructed by ...

Power graphs provide an innovative way to visualise and analyse the algebraic structure of finite groups. In a power graph, the elements of a finite group serve as vertices, and an edge is drawn ...

The FD= and FDHESSIAN= options specify the use of finite difference approximations of the derivatives. The FD= option specifies that all derivatives are approximated using function evaluations, and ...

First-order derivatives: n additional function calls are needed. Second-order derivatives based on gradient calls, when the "grd" module is specified (Dennis and Schnabel 1983): n additional gradient ...