While choosing an op-amp buffer, some sources of negative supply were considered, because the buffer op-amp had to provide true zero voltage on its output. In reality, a typical rail-to-rail output op ...

We must admit that we’ve been guilty of using a microcontroller to make two LEDs blink alternately in the past. It’s not the worst transgression, but it stems from our discomfort with analog circuits.

Using modulated rectangular waves of different time periods, the circuit presented here produces ringing tones similar to those produced by a telephone. The circuit requires four astable ...

Pondering how the three-way multivibrator worked in the way home, I decided that the base waveforms must be overlapping triangle waves – which would give a good reason for the nice 120° output ...