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med's go on Instagram: "Sickle cell disease results from substitution of valine for glutamate at position 6 of the β-globin chain. Glutamate is negatively charged and hydrophilic, whereas valine is nonpolar and hydrophobic, causing abnormal hemoglobin aggregation under low-oxygen conditions. This single amino acid change leads to erythrocyte sickling, hemolysis, and vaso-occlusive crises—making it a classic example of how amino acid properties affect protein function. #usmle #plab #nle"